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Reliable methods for monitoring and assessing soil quality are a prerequisite for successful soil bioremediation projects. The fifth volume of Soil Biology presents detailed descriptions of selected methods for evaluating, monitoring and assessing bioremediation treatments of soils contaminated with organic pollutants or heavy metals. Traditional soil investigation techniques, including chemical, physical and microbiological methods, are complemented by the most suitable modern methods, such as the use of bioreporter technology, immunological, ecotoxicological or molecular assays. Feasibility studies for bioremediation treatments complete the manual. Easy-to-follow protocols with step-by-step procedures, lists of the required equipment and reagents as well as notes on the evaluation and quality control allow immediate application. Short introductions to the principles and objectives help to assess the field of application of each procedure. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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This digital document is an article from Compost Science & Utilization, most recently published by J.G. Press Inc. on December 31, 2001. The length of the article is 4791 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Bioremediation of a PCB-contaminated soil via composting
Author: C A Reddy
Publication: Compost Science & Utilization
Date: December 31, 2001
Publisher: J.G. Press Inc.
Volume: 9 Issue: 4 Page: 274

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This digital document is an article from Ground Water, published by Ground Water Publishing Company on March 1, 1998. The length of the article is 7195 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: A numerical model was employed to simulate hydrocarbon bioremediation in ground water aquifers. The model, which allows for aerobic degradation, uses the method of characteristics for solving the independent transport of microorganisms, oxygen and hydrocarbons. Model simulations, which exhibit sound correlations as compared to similar soil column studies, reveal estimated time of remediation.

Citation Details
Title: A numerical model for simulation of bioremediation of hydrocarbons in aquifers.
Author: Jose F. Munoz
Publication: Ground Water (Refereed)
Date: March 1, 1998
Publisher: Ground Water Publishing Company
Volume: v36 Issue: n2 Page: p215(10)

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This digital document is an article from Flame Retardancy News, published by Business Communications Company, Inc. on June 1, 2001. The length of the article is 617 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: FOAMS: Bioremediation of Surfactant Enhanced.
Publication: Flame Retardancy News (Newsletter)
Date: June 1, 2001
Publisher: Business Communications Company, Inc.
Volume: 11 Issue: 6 Page: NA

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At four sorting centers operated by Waste Management Inc., organics and some inerts are screened out of the municipal solid waste. Instead of being landfilled, the fines are being incorporated into a soil bioremediation program operated by Waste Management and tested for agricultural use.Three years ago, Chicago launched a blue bag-based residential recycling program. Along with trash in a standard garbage bag, the same truck collects paper, yard trimmings, and mixed food and beverage containers, each in its own blue bag. At four sorting centers operated by Waste Management Inc., organics and some inerts are screened out of the municipal solid waste. Instead of being landfilled, the fines are being incorporated into a soil bioremediation program operated by Waste Management and tested for agricultural use. Bench-scale tests were performed to determine the properties and suitability of the fines in bioremediation. Full-scale experience confirms the benefits of using trommel fines in soil bioremediation.

This digital document is an article from BioCycle, most recently published by J.G. Press Inc. on January 31, 2000. The length of the article is 1628 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Organic-rich trommel fines accelerate soil bioremediation
Author: Roger Green
Publication: BioCycle (Feature)
Date: January 31, 2000
Publisher: J.G. Press Inc.
Volume: 41 Issue: 1 Page: 29-31

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This digital document is an article from Ground Water, published by Ground Water Publishing Company on May 1, 2001. The length of the article is 9954 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Travel-Time based model of bioremediation using circulation wells.
Author: Olaf A. Cirpka
Publication: Ground Water (Refereed)
Date: May 1, 2001
Publisher: Ground Water Publishing Company
Volume: 39 Issue: 3 Page: 422(11)

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Textbook for introductory graduate engineering course on remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. DLC: Soil remediation.
Customer Review: Environmental site remediation focusing on bio methods.
These University of California, Davis, professors have provided a most useful addition to remediation study resources with this text. They designed it for use in an introductory course on remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by organic compounds. Petroleum compounds are a prime example of those organics. The text has been "vetted" by environmental engineering students at Davis over a five-year period. The NST/Engineers, Inc. reviewers consider knowledge of bioremediation principles to be a requirement of students in environmental science or engineering. This book is an excellent choice as a study text or as a reference for practicing engineers. Problems, discussion questions, and references follow each chapter. Sample problems are worked-out within the chapters.

Following an introductory overview, the authors cover background material in five chapters. The soil environment is explained. A triangular soil classification graph displays the classes of soil texture, rated according to the proportions present of sand, clay, and silt. Additionally, the authors treat the effects of soil gases, moisture, porosity and other factors on the fate (destruction or preservation) and transport of contaminants through soil bodies. Methods are presented for calculating the distribution of organics between soils and liquids, and between liquids and vapors. The use of Henry's Law is featured for the latter. (Incidentally, a recent reference that will be helpful in providing measured data and best estimates for transport and physical properties of representative organics is "Chemical Properties Handbook" by Carl L. Yaws (McGraw-Hill, 1999).)

Two chapters, "Microbial Ecology" and "Metabolism and Energy Production", provide basic information on types of microorganisms, stimulating cell growth, and maintaining cell health. This emphasis on biological basics highlights the greater contemporary importance of biological than chemical and other methods of destruction of organic contaminants in soils. Attention is focused on bacteria, the most abundant group of microorganisms in soil and groundwater; also the group that plays the major role in biodegrading toxic and otherwise offensive organic contaminants.

A chapter is devoted to the chemical reactions occurring during biodegradation, such as oxidation, hydrolysis, bond rupture, and dehalogenation.

In the final four chapters, the authors explain the engineering tasks involved in applying the fundamental principles covered in the earlier chapters. They describe the characteristics of in-situ treatment, and then solid-phase, slurry-phase, and vapor-phase bioremediation. In-situ treatment can be highly favored over removal of soil or water to an off-site location for treatment because of economic, schedule, logistic, and other constraints. Providing balance, the inherent difficulties of in-situ work are also covered. There are always some uncertainties about: subsurface soil structure, water bodies, and contaminant distribution. Factors involved in the major remediation methods of: "pump, treat, and injection", "air sparging", and "bioventing" are covered.

A chapter on "Solid Phase Bioremediation" covers the landfarming ( spreading soil to be treated no more than a few feet deep over large land areas) and composting options. In composting systems, various types of covered piles of contaminated soils are maintained with control of nutrients, moisture, oxygen content, and temperature. "Slurry Phase Bioremediation" is something like stirred-tank reactor processing in the chemical industry with microbes replacing catalysts. Microbes and their nutrients, and catalysts and their supports, must be carefully chosen. With proper operation to prevent microbe death and catalyst poisoning or deactivation, both materials may be used in the next batch or in continuous operation. The reactors are large, enclosed, storage tanks provided with feed and discharge ports, agitation, and temperature control. Slurry phase work is also shown to be amenable to existing uncovered, lagoons when contaminant volatilization is not a problem. Floating agitators have been used in those cases.

The last chapter describes, and provides designs and parameters for, "Vapor Phase Biological Treatment". VOCs are almost always present in the off-gases of soil or groundwater treatment. The authors summarize the pros and cons of currently used vapor-phase pollution control technology, such as adsorption and thermal and catalytic oxidation. They then present the case for "biofilters" or "biotrickling" filters. The former has microbes kept alive with nutrients and supported on various kinds of media. Off-gas vapors are blown in at the tower bottom, pass through the media, and exit at the top. The latter differs in that water spray is added at the top and nutrient solution is collected at the bottom and is recycled to the top. In either case, operation must control plugging of the media and thereby prevent a high vapor delta P through the column.

A useful Appendix table provides properties, including Henry's Law constant at 20 deg.C, for about 80 organics currently found in hazardous wastes. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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This digital document is an article from Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, published by Cornell University on December 1, 1992. The length of the article is 2981 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: Clogged kitchen plumbing constitutes one of the more common problems of food service companies. These establishments cope with the problem by calling a plumber when the problem arises, which often results in substantial costs. A seconf alternative entails application of a caustic substances on a regular basis, but this may erode pipes and introduce toxic substances into the drainage system. The best alternative would be to the introduction of biological bugs as a preventive maintenance measure. Carl Karcher Enterprises Inc pioneered bioremediation efforts in the US food service industry.

Citation Details
Title: Grease-eating microbes: a high-tech solution to a low-tech problem. (includes related article on bioremediation companies)
Author: Enrique A. Yaffar
Publication: Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly (Refereed)
Date: December 1, 1992
Publisher: Cornell University
Volume: v33 Issue: n6 Page: p84(6)

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This volume presents an updated description of the current trends of research on bioremediation in the various aspects of catabolic pathways and specific enzymes, genetic design of engineered degradative microorganisms, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of substrates and nutrients and process development and field studies. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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Use of Copper Cast Alloys To Control Escherichia coli O157 Cross-Contamination during Food Processing.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):4239-44

Authors: Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW

The most notable method of infection from Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) is through contaminated food products, usually ground beef. The objective of this study was to evaluate seven cast copper alloys (61 to 95% Cu) for their ability to reduce the viability of E. coli O157, mixed with or without ground beef juice, and to compare these results to those for stainless steel. E. coli O157 (NCTC 12900) (2 x 10(7) CFU) mixed with extracted beef juice (25%) was inoculated onto coupons of each copper cast alloy or stainless steel and incubated at either 22 degrees C or 4 degrees C for up to 6 h. E. coli O157 viability was determined by plate counts in addition to staining in situ with the respiratory indicator fluorochrome 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium. Without beef extract, three alloys completely killed the inoculum during the 6-h exposure at 22 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, only the high-copper alloys (>85%) significantly reduced the numbers of O157. With beef juice, only one alloy (95% Cu) completely killed the inoculum at 22 degrees C. For stainless steel, no significant reduction in cell numbers occurred. At 4 degrees C, only alloys C83300 (93% Cu) and C87300 (95% Cu) significantly reduced the numbers of E. coli O157, with 1.5- and 5-log kills, respectively. Reducing the inoculum to 10(3) CFU resulted in a complete kill for all seven cast copper alloys in 20 min or less at 22 degrees C. These results clearly demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of cast copper alloys with regard to E. coli O157, and consequently these alloys have the potential to aid in food safety.

PMID: 16751537 [PubMed - in process]

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Differences in national legislation for the implementation of lead regulations included in the European directive for the protection of the health and safety of workers with occupational exposure to chemical agents (98/24/EC).

Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2006 Jun 3;

Authors: Taylor A, Angerer J, Arnaud J, Claeys F, Kristiansen J, Mazarrasa O, Menditto A, Patriarca M, Pineau A, Valkonen S, Weykamp C

BACKGROUND: The European Council Directive 98/24 on the protection of the health and safety of workers exposed to chemical agents sets out provisions for environmental and biological monitoring, making specific reference to binding limit values and health surveillance measures for those with exposure to lead OBJECTIVES: To compare how the Directive has been implemented at a national level in EU countries and to determine whether workers receive equivalent protection. METHODS: Information on selected key issues was collected from 14 EU countries by means of a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: National occupational exposure limit values generally reflect that set by the Directive (0.15 mg/m(3)), but in five cases lower limits are set. National binding biological limit values range from 20 mug/100 ml blood in one country up to 80 mug/100 ml blood in others. The risk to the unborn child is generally recognised with specific measures for women of child-bearing potential or those that are pregnant or breast feeding. In only three countries are special arrangements included for young workers. Limits at which medical surveillance is put into effect are more consistent at 40 mug/100 ml in most countries. The Directive also refers to guidelines for health surveillance but none have been issued with respect to lead. Thus monitoring strategies and requirements for analytical performance vary considerably. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey suggest that protection of workers against the risk of exposure to lead at work is far from uniform across the European Union. Such disparity may also have implications on the requirements set at national level for laboratories measuring lead in blood and/or air. In the interest of harmonisation within the EU, further consideration should be given to the Annex II of the EC Directive 98/24, taking into account the suggestions for lower binding limit values for lead; this should include full guidelines for medical surveillance and requirements for laboratories should be issued.

PMID: 16752159 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Role of bougainvilleas in mitigation of environmental pollution.

J Environ Sci Eng. 2005 Apr;47(2):131-4

Authors: Sharma SC, Srivastava R, Roy RK

Environmental pollution adversely affects health of the people. Industrialization, urbanization, over exploitation of natural resources and increasing number of automobiles have aggravated the pollution manifold though there are various ways to mitigate the environmental pollution. Bio-remediation by using selected plant species is an effective method to control pollution which is universally accepted. Bougainvillea is a pollution tolerant plant and can help in the mitigation of air pollution besides its ornamental value in the landscaping. From the rich germplasm collection in NBRI Botanical Garden, tolerant plants have been experimented for road side plantation in view of mitigating the environmental pollution.

PMID: 16649617 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Final rule.

Fed Regist. 2006 Feb 28;71(39):10099-385

Authors:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is amending the existing standard which limits occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). OSHA has determined based upon the best evidence currently available that at the current permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Cr(VI), workers face a significant risk to material impairment of their health. The evidence in the record for this rulemaking indicates that workers exposed to Cr(VI) are at an increased risk of developing lung cancer. The record also indicates that occupational exposure to Cr(VI) may result in asthma, and damage to the nasal epithelia and skin. The final rule establishes an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit of 5 micrograms of Cr(VI) per cubic meter of air (5 [mu]g/cu m). This is a considerable reduction from the previous PEL of 1 milligram per 10 cubic meters of air (1 mg/10 cu m, or 100 [mu]g/cu m) reported as CrO3, which is equivalent to a limit of 52 [mu]g/cu m as Cr(VI). The final rule also contains ancillary provisions for worker protection such as requirements for exposure determination, preferred exposure control methods, including a compliance alternative for a small sector for which the new PEL is infeasible, respiratory protection, protective clothing and equipment, hygiene areas and practices, medical surveillance, recordkeeping, and start-up dates that include four years for the implementation of engineering controls to meet the PEL. The final standard separately regulates general industry, construction, and shipyards in order to tailor requirements to the unique circumstances found in each of these sectors. The PEL established by this rule reduces the significant risk posed to workers by occupational exposure to Cr(VI) to the maximum extent that is technologically and economically feasible.

PMID: 16528853 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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The Deputy Chief of Staff, Engineer (ODCSENGR) environmental program in the Balkans is unlike many other military environmental programs because the entire focus is on supporting the Army mission in a deployed area of operation. The primary components of the ODCSENGR environmental program include waste management, waste reduction, drinking water, pollution prevention, facility baseline studies, and base closure documentation. The ODCSENGR goal is to find more fully evolved techniques and technologies for waste management that are sustainable over time, supportive of current challenges and easily transferable to other US military operations worldwide. The Balkans solid waste management strategy is maturing from a primitive program based on initial entry conditions into one based on resource management and recovery. This has been possible due to the growing stability within the region, which is opening up markets for the recyclable and reusable materials.

This digital document is an article from BioCycle, most recently published by J.G. Press Inc. on October 31, 2004. The length of the article is 2647 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Bosnia Mission Includes Waste Management... And Bioremediation
Author: William R Gatewood
Publication: BioCycle (Feature)
Date: October 31, 2004
Publisher: J.G. Press Inc.
Volume: 45 Issue: 10 Page: 59-63

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Keeping yourself safe: ask the right questions--right from the start.

Am J Nurs. 2006 May;106(5):88

Authors: Condon M, Hughes N

PMID: 16639264 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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This digital document is an article from Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, published by Air and Waste Management Association on July 1, 2002. The length of the article is 9074 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Volatile hydrocarbon emissions from a diesel fuel-contaminated soil bioremediation facility. (Technical Paper).(Statistical Data Included)
Author: Sandra Ausma
Publication: Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (Refereed)
Date: July 1, 2002
Publisher: Air and Waste Management Association
Page: 769(12)

Article Type: Statistical Data Included

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Building on the basics of giology, hydrology, microbiiology, ecology, and toxicology, Baker and Herson's BIOREMEDIATION delivers proven bioremediation techniques for treating soils, groundwater, and aquatic systems contaminated by pollutants in every major chemical class--including hydrocarbons, solvents, PCBs, dioxins, and pesticides. You get the essentials on how to design and apply bioreactors. . .use adapted cultures and genetically-engineered microbes. . .evaluate bioremediation's legal and economic bottom line,. . .and much more! An in-depth analysis of the Exxon-Valdez clean-up--plus dozens of other real-world cases--gives you a close-up look at successful bioremediation efforts in action. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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The rapid expansion and increasing sophistication of various industries in the past century has remarkably increased the amount and complexity of toxic waste effluents, which may be bioremediated by suitable plants & microbes, either natural occurring or tailor-made for the specific purpose. This technology is termed as bioremediation. Bioremediation is an eco- friendly, cost-effective and natural technology targeted to remove heavy metals, radionuclides, xenobiotic compounds, organic waste, pesticides etc. from contaminated sites or industrial discharges through biological means. Since this technology is used in in-situ conditions, it does not physically disturb the site unlike conventional methods i.e. chemical or mechanical methods. In this technology, higher plants or microbes are used alone or in combination for phytoextraction of heavy metals from metal contaminated sites. Through microbial interventions, either the metals are immobilized or mobilized through redox conversions at contaminated sites. If mobilized, metal accumulating plants are put in place to accumulate metals in their body. Thenafter, metal-loaded plants are harvested and incernated to reduce the volume of waste and then disposed off as hazardous materials or used for recovery of precious metals, if possible. In case of immobilization, metals are no longer available to be toxic to organisms. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

A groundbreaking text and professional resource on natural attenuation technology

Natural attenuation is rapidly becoming a widely used approach to manage groundwater and soil contamination by hazardous substances in petroleum-product releases and leachate from hazardous waste sites and landfills. This book provides, under one cover, the current methodologies needed by groundwater scientists and engineers in their efforts to evaluate subsurface contamination problems, to estimate risk to human health and ecosystems through mathematical models, and to design and formulate appropriate remediation strategies.

Incorporating the authors' extensive backgrounds as educators, researchers, and consultants in environmental biotechnology and hydrogeology, the text emphasizes new concepts and recent advances in the science, including:

• Quantification of the role of microbes in natural attenuation
• Biodegradation and chemical transformation principles
• Immobilization and phase change
• Biotransformation mechanisms
• Groundwater flow and contaminant transport
• Analytical models for contaminant transport and reaction processes
• Numerical modeling of contaminant transport, transformation, and degradation

Detailed descriptions of fundamental processes, characterization approaches, and analytical and numerical methods tied to relevant real-world applications make Bioremediation and Natural Attenuation: Process Fundamentals and Mathematical Models both a timely course text in hydrogeology and environmental engineering and a valuable reference for anyone in the groundwater or risk assessment professions. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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Bioremediation and phytoremediation have progressed over the past decade from promising ideas to practical remediation approaches, especially with regard to the treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. Sites contaminated with chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds have proven more resistant to these approaches, but exciting progress is being made both in the laboratory and in the field. Bioremediation and Phytoremediation: Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds brings together the latest breakthrough thinking and results in bioremediation, with chapters on cometabolic processes, aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms, biological reductive dechlorination processes, bioaugmentation, biomonitoring, and phytoremediation of recalcitrant organic compounds. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

Biodegradation has been the subject of active concern for the past 40 years. Recently, the field has expanded to encompass a wide variety of chemicals, a broad array of issues, and the development of the new bioremediation industry. This book presents the basic principles of biodegradation and shows how these principles relate to bioremediation. Authored by a world-renowned environmental microbiologist, Biodegradation and Bioremediation presents microbiological, chemical, toxicological, environmental, engineering, and technological aspects of the subject.

* Praise for the First Edition
* "Serves an important function in presenting a complete picture of biodegradation in the environment. I[t] provides biologists, chemists and engineers interested in this process with information complementary to their own fields and thus belongs on the shelf of everybody active in the study of biodegradation and bioremediation."
* --JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY
* "A compendious account of the field in a form accessible to microbiologists, chemists, toxicologists and environmental scientists and engineers. His book succeeds admirably...Well indexed, its diagrams large and clear....It will serve as an excellent text for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate courses and as an invaluable source of reference to all those with a research interest in this expanding field."
* --SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY QUARTERLY
* "The book could serve as a text for an upper-level or graduate class in the principles of biodegradation and bioremediation for microbiologists and environmental engineers. In summary, Alexander has prepared a cogent and well-organized review of the principles of biodegradation in a book that should prove useful to a great many people."
* --JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
* "Provides a unity of style, and generally, an excellent intellectual flow between topics....Alexander does a spectacular job of addressing the kinetics of degradation reactions--the discussion is one of the best I have seen, especially for those not well versed in mathematics."
* --BIOSCIENCE
* "Written by a very knowledgeable scientist...A very timely book...Recommended as a valuable resource for environmental scientists, engineers, or other persons with an interest in the use of organisms for environmental decontamination and a need for better insight into the principles underlying bioremediation."
* --SOIL SCIENCE Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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University College, Cork, Ireland. A compilation of genetic, chemical and analytical techniques for studying specific pollutants and their remediation. For professionals. 51 contributors, 20 U.S. Buy at Amazon or Comparison Shop at Best Buys Zone

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